Younger contemporary of Ramanujam who propounded the Dvaita advaita philosophy and the philosophy of Bheda Abheda (difference/ non–difference). According to him, Brahman or the supreme soul transforms itself into the souls of the world, which are therefore real, distinct, and different from Brahman. Like Vishista Advaita, the Bheda Abheda school also believes that the world […]
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Ghadar Party
• The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organized around a weekly newspaper ‘The Ghadr’ with its headquarters at San Francisco. • These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities. • The Ghadr program was to organize assassinations of officials, […]
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FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR (1767-1769)
The English were confident of their military strength after their success in Bengal. They concluded a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad (1766) persuading him to give them the Northern Circars (region) in lieu of which they said they would protect the Nizam from Haidar Ali. Haidar already had territorial disputes with the Nawab of […]
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Drafting Committee
The Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution On 29th August 1947, the Constituent Assembly of India through a resolution appointed the Drafting Committee, “to scrutinise the draft of the text of the Constitution of India prepared by Constitutional Adviser, giving effect to the decisions already taken in the Assembly and including all matters which are […]
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What is the 16th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1963?
The Sixteenth Amendment Act of 1963 has two provisions as follows: Empowered the state to impose further restrictions on the rights to freedom of speech and expression, to assemble peacefully and to form associations in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India. Out of all ten forms, except the Form of oath of secrecy for […]
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Creamy Layer
What is the creamy layer? Creamy layer is a term used to refer to some members of a backward class who are highly advanced socially as well as economically and educationally. They constitute the forward section of that particular backward class – as forward as any other forward class member. Who introduced the term ‘creamy […]
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Constitution of Japan
The Japanese constitution is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. It has not had any amendments to its text in more than 70 years. The Constitution is best known for Article 9, by which Japan renounces its right to wage war and maintain military forces. The Preamble “We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in […]
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UNION AND TERRITORIES CREATED AFTER 1956
MAHARASHTRA and GUJARAT ◇ In 1960, the bilingual state of Bombay was divided into two separate states–Maharashtra for Marathi speaking people and Gujarat for Gujarati speaking people. ◇ Gujarat was established as the 15th state of the Indian Union. DADRA and NAGAR HAVELI. ◇ The Portuguese ruled this territory until its liberation in 1954. ◇ […]
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Integration of Princely State
At the time of independence, India comprised two categories of political units, namely, the British provinces (under the direct rule of British government) and the princely states (under the rule of native princes but subject to the paramountcy of the British Crown). The Indian Independence Act (1947) created two independent and separate dominions of India […]
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FAZL ALI COMMISSION
The creation of Andhra state intensified the demand from other regions for creation of states on linguistic basis. This forced the Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a three-member States Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. Its other two members were K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. […]